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Multiplayer games can increase player enjoyment through social interactions, cooperation and competition. The popularity of such games is shown by current market trends. Especially networked multiplayer games frequently achieve great success, but confront game developers with additional networking challenges in the already complex field of game production. The primary challenge is game state synchronization across all players. Based on the current research, there are three main methods for this task – deterministic lockstep, snapshot interpolation and state-sync – with their own advantages and disadvantages.
This work quantitatively evaluated and discussed the vertical (entity count) and horizontal (player count) limitations of deterministic lockstep and compared the method to snapshot interpolation. Results showed, that deterministic lockstep has no indicated vertical scaling limitation with a player count of up to 10 supporting 16,000 or more entities. A horizontal scaling limitation could not be found either and lockstep was confirmed to work with 40 or more players while handling 1024 entities. However, both scaling dimensions correlate negatively, which was indicated by the maximum scaling configurations 30 players and 4096 entities or 20 players and 8192 entities.
An unoptimized snapshot interpolation implementation achieved a vertical scaling limitation of 4096 entities with 10 players and a horizontal scaling limit of 40 or more players with 1024 entities and therefore was found to have a lower entity limit compared to deterministic lockstep.
Furthermore, results are compared to related work. Other contributions of this thesis include an overview of game networks and the three game state synchronization techniques. An architecture model for deterministic lockstep including a hybrid approach combining it with snapshot interpolation for re-synchronization and hot-joins. And finally, a network packet deconstruction of the implemented networking framework Unity Transport Package (UTP).
Multiplayer games can increase player enjoyment through social interactions, cooperation, and competition. Their market popularity shows the success of especially networked multiplayer games, which pose new networking challenges to game developers. The main challenge is synchronizing game state across players. Research identifies deterministic lockstep, snapshot interpolation, and state-sync as primary methods for this task, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.
This work, and the master thesis this paper is based on, quantitatively evaluated deterministic lockstep, demonstrating its vertical (entity count) and horizontal (player count) scaling limitations and compares the method to snapshot interpolation. Lockstep supports minimum 16,000 entities for up to 10 players and a horizontal scaling of 40 or more players with 1024 entities. However, a negative correlation between entity and player count limits was observed, which was indicated by the maximum scaling configurations 30 players with 4096 entities or 20 players with 8192 entities. Snapshot interpolation faced a vertical limit with 4096 entities and 10 players and horizontally with 40 or more players and 1024 entities.
The paper further contributes by comparing results to related work, summarizing synchronization methods, proposing a hybrid architecture model of deterministic lockstep with snapshot interpolation for re-synchronization and hot-joins, and deconstructing Unity Transport Package’s (UTP) network packets.
Today’s digital cameras use a mosaic of red, green, and blue color filters to capture images in three color channels on a single sensor plane. This thesis investigates the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for demosaicing – the process of reconstructing full-color images from raw mosaic sensor data. While there are existing CNNs for demosaicing raw images from the well-established regular Bayer color filter array (CFA), this thesis focuses on how they perform on alternative non-regular sampling patterns that produce less aliasing artifacts, namely the stochastic Gaussian- and the RandomQuarter sampling pattern (Backes and Fröhlich, 2020).
A basic UNet (Ronneberger et al., 2015) and the spatially adaptive SANet (T. Zhang et al., 2022) are implemented in a supervised training pipeline based on the PixelShift200 image dataset (Qian et al., 2021) to investigate their suitability for the irregular demosaicing task. The experiments indicate that the basic UNet encounters difficulties in restoring the missing color values, whereas the spatially adaptive convolutional layers help in processing the irregularly sampled raw images.
In addition, this thesis enhances SANet effectiveness by employing an alternative residual branch based on a CFA-normalized Gaussian filter, as well as a tileable modification to the Gaussian CFA pattern. The modified SANet is shown to outperform the conventional dFSR algorithm (Backes & Fröhlich, 2020) in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).
Password-based authentication is widely used online, despite its numerous shortcomings, enabling attackers to take over users’ accounts. Phishing-resistant Fast IDentity Online (FIDO) credentials have therefore been proposed to improve account security and authentication user experience. With the recent introduction of FIDO-based passkeys, industry-leading corporations aim to drive widespread adoption of passwordless authentication to eliminate some of the most common account takeover attacks their users are exposed to. This thesis presents the first iteration of a distributed web crawler measuring the adoption of FIDO-based authentication methods on the web to observe ongoing developments and assess the viability of the promised passwordless future. The feasibility of automatically detecting authentication methods is investigated by analyzing crawled web content. Because today’s web is increasingly client-side rendered, capturing relevant data with traditional scraping methods is challenging. Thus, the traditional approach is compared to the browser-based crawling of dynamic content to optimize the detection rate. The results show that authentication method detection is possible, although there are some limitations regarding accuracy and coverage. Moreover, browser-based crawling is found to significantly increase detection rate.
The idea ist quite obvious. Anyone studying „Media Creation & Management“ as part of an international minor program should not just learn about international management topics and international media markets in theory, but also engage in their own media project as part of an international team of students – in this particular case, writing and editing as well as layout and production of a magazine on the topic of international media management.
This is exactly what 39 students of the International Media Management class did during the summer term 2023. And the result is the magazine you are now holding in your hands. The students looked at topics related to international media management from various perspectives, analyzed markets and dealt with international digital and media companies – sometimes using management tools, sometimes in a more scientific and sometimes in an entertaining way. The result is a magazine that is directed at students as well as lectures and those responsible for international exchange programs at universities.
Did the students catch your interest? You can find more information about the minor program “Media Creation & Management” at Stuttgart Media University (Hochschule der Medien) and the idea of studying in Stuttgart in this magazine.
The idea is quite obvious. Anyone studying “Media Creation
& Management” as part of an international minor
program should not just learn about international management
topics and international media markets in theory,
but also engage in their own media project as part
of an international team of students – in this particular
case, writing and editing as well as layout and production
of a magazine on the topic of international media
management.
This is exactly what 50 students of the International
Media Management class did during the winter term
2022/2023. And the result is the magazine you are now
holding in your hands. The students looked at topics related
to international media management from various
perspectives, analyzed markets and dealt with international
digital and media companies – sometimes using
management tools, sometimes in a more scientific and
sometimes in an entertaining way. The result is a magazine
that is directed at students as well as lecturers and
those responsible for international exchange programs
at universities.
Did the students catch your interest? You can find more
information about the minor program “Media Creation &
Management” at Stuttgart Media University (Hochschule
der Medien) and the idea of studying in Stuttgart in this
magazine or oline with the top QR-Code on the left.
Kind regards and see you in Stuttgart.
Yours
Uwe Eisenbeis
Prof. Dr. Uwe Eisenbeis
Dean of Studies, Program Media Management
The idea is quite obvious. Anyone studying “Media
Creation & Management” as part of an international
minor program should not just learn about international
management topics and international media
markets in theory, but also engage in their own media
project as part of an international team of students
– in this particular case, writing and editing as well as
layout and production of a magazine on the topic of
international media management.
This is exactly what 50 students of the International
Media Management class did during the summer term
2022. And the result is the magazine you are now
holding in your hands. The students looked at topics
related to international media management from
various perspectives, analyzed markets and dealt with
international digital and media companies – sometimes
using management tools, sometimes in a more
scientifi c and sometimes in an entertaining way. The
result is a magazine that is directed at students as well
as lecturers and those responsible for international
exchange programs at universities.
Did the students catch your interest? You can fi nd
more information about the minor program “Media
Creation & Management” at Stuttgart Media University
(Hochschule der Medien) and the idea of studying in
Stuttgart in this magazine or oline with the top QRCode
on the left.
Kind regards and see you in Stuttgart.
Yours
Uwe Eisenbeis
This study investigates the possibility of using Bartle’s player types for gamification
in the context of language learning apps. By taking user preferences into
account, this might assist in selecting the most suitable game elements. Learning
apps are gaining popularity as an innovative method for obtaining an independent
and flexible learning experience. Gamification keeps users motivated and involved
with the content.
After the research on the usage of gamification and its effects on the user, a language
learning app prototype was created. The evaluation consisted of a user test with
interview questions and the short User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The Bartle
test of gamer psychology was used to determine the player types of the participants.
The results show that, while player type and gamification preference can partially
coincide, there are too many deviations to confidently say it can be transferred into
gamification contexts. We conclude that game elements should not be chosen based
on a user’s Bartle player type and are more effectively used by incorporating a variety
of different gamification components.
The number of people with cognitive impairments increases together with the aging population. Thus, social robots are being researched to aid relieve the nursing
sector as well as to combat cognitive impairments. However, it raises concerns regarding how a social robot should relate to members of this group and what might
be appropriate. In this thesis, research about the current state of social robots has been conducted and focus groups with people from the nursing and medical field were held. To verify the credibility of the results and the scenario developed, final
user tests were conducted with representatives of the target group. When using a
social robot in an interaction with persons who have cognitive disabilities, the robot
should speak and behave more human-like and make use of its facial expressions,
stressing empathy and responding to the person accordingly. Though the situation
of interacting with a social robot may be more significant in future generations.
Virtual-reality (VR) is an immersive technology with a growing market and many applications for gesture recognition. This thesis presents a VR gesture recognition method using signal processing techniques. The core concept is based on the comparison of motion features in the form of signals between a runtime recording of users and a possible gesture set. This comparison yields a similarity score through which the most similar gesture can be recognized by a continuous recognition system. Some selected comparison methods are presented, evaluated and discussed. An example implementation is demonstrated. However, due to an introduced layer model parts of the method and its implementation are interchangeable.
Similar or even better performance is achieved compared to other related work. The comparison method Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) reaches an average positive recognitions rate of 98.18% with acceptable real-time application performance. Additionally, the method comes with some benefits: position and direction of users is irrelevant, body proportions have no significant negative impact on recognition rates, faster and slower gesture executions are possible, no user inputs are needed to communicate gesture start and end (continuous recognition), also continuous gestures can be recognized, and the recognition is fast enough to trigger gesture specific events already during the execution.